Best Sink Overflow Pipe of 2025

Last updated on 26/10/2025
Advertising disclosure
Advertising disclosure
Most Relevant
Most Relevant
Best Discount
Lowest Price
ElectronicsHome & KitchenComputersOffice SuppliesToys & GamesSports & Fitness
Most Relevant
Most Relevant
Best Discount
Lowest Price
Best Choice
1
Wirquin SP2060099 Overflow Tube and Connection Pipe for Sink Extendible
thumbnail 1
thumbnail 2
thumbnail 3
thumbnail 4
Wirquin SP2060099 Overflow Tube and Connection Pipe for Sink Extendible
Wirquin
Free Shipping
Why we love it
  • Versatile extendable design.
  • Easy installation for sinks.
  • Durable polypropylene construction.
Main Highlights
  • Extendable overflow tube and connection for sink
  • Short grid for sink of 0 to 12 mm thickness, white polypropylene body, 180 to 310 mm extendable overflow pipe
Show More
9.9
Exceptional
Product image 1
Product image 2
Product image 3
Product image 4
9.9
Exceptional
Wirquin
Wirquin SP2060099 Overflow Tube and Connection Pipe for Sink Extendible
Free Shipping
Why we love it
  • Versatile extendable design.
  • Easy installation for sinks.
  • Durable polypropylene construction.
Main Highlights
  • Extendable overflow tube and connection for sink
  • Short grid for sink of 0 to 12 mm thickness, white polypropylene body, 180 to 310 mm extendable overflow pipe
Show More
Value for Money
2
Qrity 1 Pieces Overflow Pipes, Overflow Tube for Sink Extendible, Rectangle Interface (Size: 75.5x40mm),Tube Length 230-600mm, Dia 26mm (Inner Dia: 21mm)
thumbnail 1
thumbnail 2
thumbnail 3
thumbnail 4
Qrity 1 Pieces Overflow Pipes, Overflow Tube for Sink Extendible, Rectangle Interface (Size: 75.5x40mm),Tube Length 230-600mm, Dia 26mm (Inner Dia: 21mm)
Qrity
Free Shipping
Why we love it
  • Prevents sink overflow efficiently.
  • Easily adjustable tube length.
  • Designed for stainless steel sinks.
Main Highlights
  • Flexible Overflow Pipe for Sink .
  • Only for Stainless Steel Kitchen sink.
  • Rectangle Interface: 75x40mm; Tube Length 230-600mm, Diameter 26mm (Inner Dia: 21mm) .
  • Package: 1x Overflow Pipes.
Show More
9.7
Exceptional
Product image 1
Product image 2
Product image 3
Product image 4
9.7
Exceptional
Qrity
Qrity 1 Pieces Overflow Pipes, Overflow Tube for Sink Extendible, Rectangle Interface (Size: 75.5x40mm),Tube Length 230-600mm, Dia 26mm (Inner Dia: 21mm)
Free Shipping
Why we love it
  • Prevents sink overflow efficiently.
  • Easily adjustable tube length.
  • Designed for stainless steel sinks.
Main Highlights
  • Flexible Overflow Pipe for Sink .
  • Only for Stainless Steel Kitchen sink.
  • Rectangle Interface: 75x40mm; Tube Length 230-600mm, Diameter 26mm (Inner Dia: 21mm) .
  • Package: 1x Overflow Pipes.
Show More
3
ANBOO Round Overflow Pipes, Wash Basin Overflow Head, Sink Overflow Head with 200-600mm Overflow Tube for Sink
thumbnail 1
thumbnail 2
thumbnail 3
thumbnail 4
ANBOO Round Overflow Pipes, Wash Basin Overflow Head, Sink Overflow Head with 200-600mm Overflow Tube for Sink
ANBOO
Free Shipping
Why we love it
  • High quality ABS material.
  • Adjustable length for convenience.
  • Worry-free purchase guarantee.
Main Highlights
  • 【High Quality】Our sink overflow head is made of durable ABS plastic material, which has good corrosion resistance and canbe useed for a long time.
  • 【Dimensions】Round Interface: 1.45x1.45/37x37mm; Tube Length: adjustable 200-600mm; Diameter 26mm (Inner Dia: 21mm). Please measure the size before purchase to make sure it fits.
  • 【What You Get】1x Overflow Head for Sink, 1x Overflow Tube and screw.
  • 【Wide Use】Sink overflow head can be applied for most sink such as kitchen, bathroom, hotel and other places.
  • 【Worry-free Purchase】We have absolute confidence in the quality of our products, and customer satisfaction and happiness are our greatest pursuits. If there are any quality problems with the product after you receive it, we will refund or exchange it for you immediately.
Show More
9.6
Superb
Product image 1
Product image 2
Product image 3
Product image 4
9.6
Superb
ANBOO
ANBOO Round Overflow Pipes, Wash Basin Overflow Head, Sink Overflow Head with 200-600mm Overflow Tube for Sink
Free Shipping
Why we love it
  • High quality ABS material.
  • Adjustable length for convenience.
  • Worry-free purchase guarantee.
Main Highlights
  • 【High Quality】Our sink overflow head is made of durable ABS plastic material, which has good corrosion resistance and canbe useed for a long time.
  • 【Dimensions】Round Interface: 1.45x1.45/37x37mm; Tube Length: adjustable 200-600mm; Diameter 26mm (Inner Dia: 21mm). Please measure the size before purchase to make sure it fits.
  • 【What You Get】1x Overflow Head for Sink, 1x Overflow Tube and screw.
  • 【Wide Use】Sink overflow head can be applied for most sink such as kitchen, bathroom, hotel and other places.
  • 【Worry-free Purchase】We have absolute confidence in the quality of our products, and customer satisfaction and happiness are our greatest pursuits. If there are any quality problems with the product after you receive it, we will refund or exchange it for you immediately.
Show More
4
2Pcs Overflow Pipes, Kitchen Sink Waste Kit, Wash Basin Overflow Head Sink Overflow Head Overflow Pipe,Dia 26mm (Inner Dia: 21mm) 114mm Kitchen Sink Strainer,Sink Drain Pipe (Round)
thumbnail 1
thumbnail 2
thumbnail 3
thumbnail 4
2Pcs Overflow Pipes, Kitchen Sink Waste Kit, Wash Basin Overflow Head Sink Overflow Head Overflow Pipe,Dia 26mm (Inner Dia: 21mm) 114mm Kitchen Sink Strainer,Sink Drain Pipe (Round)
Yeeliv
Free Shipping
Why we love it
  • Complete and easy installation.
  • Durable stainless steel material.
  • Fits standard sink sizes.
Main Highlights
  • 【Package contents】This bath waste and overflow kit is a complete round kitchen sink waste set, including 1 sink waste set and 1 overflow.
  • 【Size fit】The sink waste kit 4.45-inch kitchen sink waste fitting fits British standard sink hole sizes: φ 83-90 mm.
  • 【Excellent material】The kitchen sink waste set is made of 304 stainless steel and high-quality PVC, which kitchen sink waste kit has good corrosion resistance and long service life.
  • 【Simple to use】Complete sink waste kit with overflow connection and sink overflow square cover is simple to use,sink overflow pipe self install according to manual, no plumber required.
  • 【Applicable scene】This kitchen sink waste can be applied to homes, hotels, shopping malls and other places.
Show More
9.6
Superb
Product image 1
Product image 2
Product image 3
Product image 4
9.6
Superb
Yeeliv
2Pcs Overflow Pipes, Kitchen Sink Waste Kit, Wash Basin Overflow Head Sink Overflow Head Overflow Pipe,Dia 26mm (Inner Dia: 21mm) 114mm Kitchen Sink Strainer,Sink Drain Pipe (Round)
Free Shipping
Why we love it
  • Complete and easy installation.
  • Durable stainless steel material.
  • Fits standard sink sizes.
Main Highlights
  • 【Package contents】This bath waste and overflow kit is a complete round kitchen sink waste set, including 1 sink waste set and 1 overflow.
  • 【Size fit】The sink waste kit 4.45-inch kitchen sink waste fitting fits British standard sink hole sizes: φ 83-90 mm.
  • 【Excellent material】The kitchen sink waste set is made of 304 stainless steel and high-quality PVC, which kitchen sink waste kit has good corrosion resistance and long service life.
  • 【Simple to use】Complete sink waste kit with overflow connection and sink overflow square cover is simple to use,sink overflow pipe self install according to manual, no plumber required.
  • 【Applicable scene】This kitchen sink waste can be applied to homes, hotels, shopping malls and other places.
Show More
5
Hinata 2Pcs Overflow Pipes Wash Basin Overflow Head Sink Overflow Head Overflow Pipe with 250mm Overflow Tube for Sink (Round)
thumbnail 1
thumbnail 2
thumbnail 3
thumbnail 4
Hinata 2Pcs Overflow Pipes Wash Basin Overflow Head Sink Overflow Head Overflow Pipe with 250mm Overflow Tube for Sink (Round)
Hinata
Free Shipping
Why we love it
  • Made of durable ABS plastic.
  • Versatile for various locations.
  • Easy to install.
Main Highlights
  • Rectangle Interface: 2.5x1.57inch/63.5x40mm. Round Interface: 1.45x1.45/37x37mm Tube Length 250mm, Diameter 26mm (Inner Dia: 21mm) .
  • Package: 2x Overflow Head for Sink, 2x Overflow Tube
  • Can be applied for home,hotel,shopping mall,and other places.
  • Our sink overflow Head is made of ABS plastic material,it has good corrosion resistance, use for a long time
  • Please check the size if what you need before you buy
Show More
9.4
Superb
Product image 1
Product image 2
Product image 3
Product image 4
9.4
Superb
Hinata
Hinata 2Pcs Overflow Pipes Wash Basin Overflow Head Sink Overflow Head Overflow Pipe with 250mm Overflow Tube for Sink (Round)
Free Shipping
Why we love it
  • Made of durable ABS plastic.
  • Versatile for various locations.
  • Easy to install.
Main Highlights
  • Rectangle Interface: 2.5x1.57inch/63.5x40mm. Round Interface: 1.45x1.45/37x37mm Tube Length 250mm, Diameter 26mm (Inner Dia: 21mm) .
  • Package: 2x Overflow Head for Sink, 2x Overflow Tube
  • Can be applied for home,hotel,shopping mall,and other places.
  • Our sink overflow Head is made of ABS plastic material,it has good corrosion resistance, use for a long time
  • Please check the size if what you need before you buy
Show More
6
Qrity 1 PCS Overflow Pipes, Bathroom Ceramic Basin Sink Overflow Marble Sink Overflow Tube, 36x36mm Round Interface, Tube Length 450mm
thumbnail 1
thumbnail 2
thumbnail 3
thumbnail 4
Qrity 1 PCS Overflow Pipes, Bathroom Ceramic Basin Sink Overflow Marble Sink Overflow Tube, 36x36mm Round Interface, Tube Length 450mm
Qrity
Free Shipping
Why we love it
  • Durable ABS plastic material.
  • Shiny chrome finish enhances aesthetics.
  • Simple, tool-free installation process.
Main Highlights
  • Tip: These overflow pipes are for ceramic sink, marble sink use only.
  • Materia: Made of ABS plastic material, with good quality chrome finish. Plating layer with good adhesion fine, uniform color, excellent corrosion resistance, ensure surface keep shiny.
  • Easy to install: Just insert it into the opening and snap it into place,no tools are needed and the sink will not scratch.
  • To measure your overflow hole before order, easy and convenient to match your overflow hole.
  • Package included: 1 x Qrity Overflow Pipes.
Show More
9.3
Superb
Product image 1
Product image 2
Product image 3
Product image 4
9.3
Superb
Qrity
Qrity 1 PCS Overflow Pipes, Bathroom Ceramic Basin Sink Overflow Marble Sink Overflow Tube, 36x36mm Round Interface, Tube Length 450mm
Free Shipping
Why we love it
  • Durable ABS plastic material.
  • Shiny chrome finish enhances aesthetics.
  • Simple, tool-free installation process.
Main Highlights
  • Tip: These overflow pipes are for ceramic sink, marble sink use only.
  • Materia: Made of ABS plastic material, with good quality chrome finish. Plating layer with good adhesion fine, uniform color, excellent corrosion resistance, ensure surface keep shiny.
  • Easy to install: Just insert it into the opening and snap it into place,no tools are needed and the sink will not scratch.
  • To measure your overflow hole before order, easy and convenient to match your overflow hole.
  • Package included: 1 x Qrity Overflow Pipes.
Show More
7
Overflow Pipe, Sink Overflow Kit Including a Rectangle Interface and a Pipe, Wash Basin Overflow Head with Extendible Tube (230-600mm, Inner Dia: 21mm) Suitable for Bathroom/Kitchen Sink
thumbnail 1
thumbnail 2
thumbnail 3
thumbnail 4
Overflow Pipe, Sink Overflow Kit Including a Rectangle Interface and a Pipe, Wash Basin Overflow Head with Extendible Tube (230-600mm, Inner Dia: 21mm) Suitable for Bathroom/Kitchen Sink
SJQBAINING
Free Shipping
Why we love it
  • Durable materials for long-lasting use.
  • Precision fit prevents leaks effectively.
  • Versatile for various sink configurations.
Main Highlights
  • Premium Durable Construction: Crafted from corrosion-resistant PP, ABS plastic, and stainless steel components, ensuring high-temperature tolerance and long-lasting performance in demanding kitchen/bathroom sink environments.
  • Precision Rectangle Interface: Features a specifically sized rectangle interface measuring 77.5mm x 41mm, guaranteeing a precise and snug fit within compatible sink overflow openings for optimal functionality and leak prevention.
  • Versatile Application: Designed for universal usability in homes, hotels, restaurants, and malls. Compatible with various sink configurations, especially engineered to meet the requirements of stainless steel kitchen sinks.
  • Complete Kit with Tube: Includes the essential overflow pipe/tube alongside the rectangle interface head, providing a complete solution for effective overflow management. Ensures reliable performance and peace of mind.
  • Complete Kit with Tube: Includes the essential overflow pipe/tube alongside the rectangle interface head, providing a complete solution for effective overflow management. Ensures reliable performance and peace of mind.
Show More
9.3
Superb
Product image 1
Product image 2
Product image 3
Product image 4
9.3
Superb
SJQBAINING
Overflow Pipe, Sink Overflow Kit Including a Rectangle Interface and a Pipe, Wash Basin Overflow Head with Extendible Tube (230-600mm, Inner Dia: 21mm) Suitable for Bathroom/Kitchen Sink
Free Shipping
Why we love it
  • Durable materials for long-lasting use.
  • Precision fit prevents leaks effectively.
  • Versatile for various sink configurations.
Main Highlights
  • Premium Durable Construction: Crafted from corrosion-resistant PP, ABS plastic, and stainless steel components, ensuring high-temperature tolerance and long-lasting performance in demanding kitchen/bathroom sink environments.
  • Precision Rectangle Interface: Features a specifically sized rectangle interface measuring 77.5mm x 41mm, guaranteeing a precise and snug fit within compatible sink overflow openings for optimal functionality and leak prevention.
  • Versatile Application: Designed for universal usability in homes, hotels, restaurants, and malls. Compatible with various sink configurations, especially engineered to meet the requirements of stainless steel kitchen sinks.
  • Complete Kit with Tube: Includes the essential overflow pipe/tube alongside the rectangle interface head, providing a complete solution for effective overflow management. Ensures reliable performance and peace of mind.
  • Complete Kit with Tube: Includes the essential overflow pipe/tube alongside the rectangle interface head, providing a complete solution for effective overflow management. Ensures reliable performance and peace of mind.
Show More
8
Qrity 1PCS Sink Overflow Tube, Universal Sink Drain Pipe, 450mm Sink Waste Pipe, Flexible Waste Pipe, Bathroom Sink Plumbing Parts
thumbnail 1
thumbnail 2
thumbnail 3
thumbnail 4
Qrity 1PCS Sink Overflow Tube, Universal Sink Drain Pipe, 450mm Sink Waste Pipe, Flexible Waste Pipe, Bathroom Sink Plumbing Parts
Qrity
Free Shipping
Why we love it
  • Durable ABS plastic construction.
  • Flexible and smooth water flow.
  • Universal fit for most sinks.
Main Highlights
  • Size: This overflow pipe has an overall length of 450 mm and it has a pipe interface of 23 - 24 mm.
  • High-Quality: The Hose is made of high quality ABS plastic with good durability and abrasion resistance, can be used for a long time and not easy to break.
  • Practicality: This plastic overflow pipe can be bent at will and has a smooth inner wall, so water flows smoothly through the pipe, increasing the speed of water flow and reducing the risk of clogging.
  • Versatile Application:This overflow pipe has a universal design that fits most kitchen and bathroom sinks.
  • Package Includes: 1 x Qrity Sink Overflow Tube.
Show More
9.2
Superb
Product image 1
Product image 2
Product image 3
Product image 4
9.2
Superb
Qrity
Qrity 1PCS Sink Overflow Tube, Universal Sink Drain Pipe, 450mm Sink Waste Pipe, Flexible Waste Pipe, Bathroom Sink Plumbing Parts
Free Shipping
Why we love it
  • Durable ABS plastic construction.
  • Flexible and smooth water flow.
  • Universal fit for most sinks.
Main Highlights
  • Size: This overflow pipe has an overall length of 450 mm and it has a pipe interface of 23 - 24 mm.
  • High-Quality: The Hose is made of high quality ABS plastic with good durability and abrasion resistance, can be used for a long time and not easy to break.
  • Practicality: This plastic overflow pipe can be bent at will and has a smooth inner wall, so water flows smoothly through the pipe, increasing the speed of water flow and reducing the risk of clogging.
  • Versatile Application:This overflow pipe has a universal design that fits most kitchen and bathroom sinks.
  • Package Includes: 1 x Qrity Sink Overflow Tube.
Show More
9
Round Overflow Pipe Kit - Adjustable 200-600mm Sink Overflow Tube for Kitchen & Bathroom, Durable Sink Overflow Kit with Circular Interface, Kitchen Sink Waste Kit
thumbnail 1
thumbnail 2
thumbnail 3
thumbnail 4
Round Overflow Pipe Kit - Adjustable 200-600mm Sink Overflow Tube for Kitchen & Bathroom, Durable Sink Overflow Kit with Circular Interface, Kitchen Sink Waste Kit
ZNDFTW
Free Shipping
Why we love it
  • Premium quality ensures long-lasting performance.
  • Tool-free installation makes setup easy.
  • Effective overflow prevention keeps surfaces dry.
Main Highlights
  • 【Premium Quality & Durability】：Crafted from high-grade materials, this sink overflow kit ensures long-lasting performance, resisting corrosion and wear. Ideal for daily use in kitchens and bathrooms, it maintains hygienic conditions while preventing leaks.
  • 【Simple & Tool-Free Installation】：Designed for hassle-free setup, this kitchen sink overflow pipe fits most standard sinks without professional help. Just measure your sink’s overflow hole (37x37mm round interface) for a perfect fit.
  • 【Effective Overflow Prevention】：Keep your countertops dry with this overflow pipe, which redirects excess water efficiently. Suitable for sinks in homes, hotels, and commercial spaces, it minimises water damage and maintains a clean environment.
  • 【Adjustable & Versatile Design】：The tube length (200-600mm) and 26mm diameter (21mm inner) adapt to various sink depths. The bathroom sink overflow ring ensures compatibility with most washbasins, offering flexibility for different setups.
  • 【Trusted Solution for Plumbers & Homeowners】：Whether you’re a DIY enthusiast or a professional plumber, this kitchen sink waste kit provides a reliable, scalable solution. Includes all necessary components for quick assembly and peace of mind.
Show More
9.0
Superb
Product image 1
Product image 2
Product image 3
Product image 4
9.0
Superb
ZNDFTW
Round Overflow Pipe Kit - Adjustable 200-600mm Sink Overflow Tube for Kitchen & Bathroom, Durable Sink Overflow Kit with Circular Interface, Kitchen Sink Waste Kit
Free Shipping
Why we love it
  • Premium quality ensures long-lasting performance.
  • Tool-free installation makes setup easy.
  • Effective overflow prevention keeps surfaces dry.
Main Highlights
  • 【Premium Quality & Durability】：Crafted from high-grade materials, this sink overflow kit ensures long-lasting performance, resisting corrosion and wear. Ideal for daily use in kitchens and bathrooms, it maintains hygienic conditions while preventing leaks.
  • 【Simple & Tool-Free Installation】：Designed for hassle-free setup, this kitchen sink overflow pipe fits most standard sinks without professional help. Just measure your sink’s overflow hole (37x37mm round interface) for a perfect fit.
  • 【Effective Overflow Prevention】：Keep your countertops dry with this overflow pipe, which redirects excess water efficiently. Suitable for sinks in homes, hotels, and commercial spaces, it minimises water damage and maintains a clean environment.
  • 【Adjustable & Versatile Design】：The tube length (200-600mm) and 26mm diameter (21mm inner) adapt to various sink depths. The bathroom sink overflow ring ensures compatibility with most washbasins, offering flexibility for different setups.
  • 【Trusted Solution for Plumbers & Homeowners】：Whether you’re a DIY enthusiast or a professional plumber, this kitchen sink waste kit provides a reliable, scalable solution. Includes all necessary components for quick assembly and peace of mind.
Show More
10
1 Pcs Round Overflow Pipes Wash Basin Overflow Head Kitchen Sink Waste Kit for Sinks Engineered to Meet Diverse Needs (Gray)
thumbnail 1
thumbnail 2
thumbnail 3
thumbnail 4
1 Pcs Round Overflow Pipes Wash Basin Overflow Head Kitchen Sink Waste Kit for Sinks Engineered to Meet Diverse Needs (Gray)
LGYUWER
Free Shipping
Why we love it
  • Durable ABS plastic construction.
  • Flexible adjustable tube length.
  • Easy installation without professionals.
Main Highlights
  • 【 Material】Our sink overflow head is made of durable ABS plastic material,Which kitchen sink waste kit has good corrosion resistance and long service life,Making it suitable for daily use in diverse environments.
  • 【Size】Circular interface: 1.45x1.45/37x37mm; Flexible Tube Length: adjustable 200-600mm; Diameter 26mm/ inner diameter 21mm. Please measure the size before purchase to make sure it fits.
  • 【Simple To Use】Sink overflow pipe is designed to be simple and can be easily installed without professional assistance,saving you time and effort. Sink overflow ring can be used frequently, ensuring reliable performance and maintaining hygienic conditions.
  • 【Adjustable Height】Enjoy the flexibility of adjustable height, allowing for both vertical and horizontal connections to a perfect fit with sinks equipped with an overflow system. Bath waste and overflow kit can prevent overflow events and keep the sink area dry.
  • 【Wide Use】This kitchen sink waste can for various settings such as private homes, hotels, and shopping malls, making it a great choice for any sink installation project.
Show More
8.9
Excellent
Product image 1
Product image 2
Product image 3
Product image 4
8.9
Excellent
LGYUWER
1 Pcs Round Overflow Pipes Wash Basin Overflow Head Kitchen Sink Waste Kit for Sinks Engineered to Meet Diverse Needs (Gray)
Free Shipping
Why we love it
  • Durable ABS plastic construction.
  • Flexible adjustable tube length.
  • Easy installation without professionals.
Main Highlights
  • 【 Material】Our sink overflow head is made of durable ABS plastic material,Which kitchen sink waste kit has good corrosion resistance and long service life,Making it suitable for daily use in diverse environments.
  • 【Size】Circular interface: 1.45x1.45/37x37mm; Flexible Tube Length: adjustable 200-600mm; Diameter 26mm/ inner diameter 21mm. Please measure the size before purchase to make sure it fits.
  • 【Simple To Use】Sink overflow pipe is designed to be simple and can be easily installed without professional assistance,saving you time and effort. Sink overflow ring can be used frequently, ensuring reliable performance and maintaining hygienic conditions.
  • 【Adjustable Height】Enjoy the flexibility of adjustable height, allowing for both vertical and horizontal connections to a perfect fit with sinks equipped with an overflow system. Bath waste and overflow kit can prevent overflow events and keep the sink area dry.
  • 【Wide Use】This kitchen sink waste can for various settings such as private homes, hotels, and shopping malls, making it a great choice for any sink installation project.
Show More

We scanned 713 products

We reviewed these offers relevant to the Sink Overflow Pipe within online retailers such as Amazon, eBay and other local retailers, ensuring we covered all major brands and models. The products we selected come from trusted brands like Wirquin, Qrity, ANBOO, Yeeliv, Hinata, SJQBAINING, ZNDFTW, LGYUWER, all of which have a reputation for consistently delivering high-quality products that users love and innovative approaches for function & design.
For the best Sink Overflow Pipe in the market, we considered we took a deep dive into 3566 online reviews , focusing on elements like user satisfaction, performance in real-world conditions, and long-term reliability. Our ranking also evaluates each review’s relevancy, authenticity, up-to-dateness and depth so that the comparison is more sound.

We concluded that: